Organic light-emitting device

ABSTRACT

An organic light-emitting device is provided. The organic light-emitting device includes: a first electrode; a second electrode; an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, the organic layer including: an emission layer; a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer; and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, 50% or more of a total volume of the second electrode being silver (Ag), the hole transport region including an amine-based polymer including a first repeating unit represented by Formula 1, and a number average molecular weight of the amine-based polymer being about 1,000 or more.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2017-0103721, filed on Aug. 16, 2017, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

One or more embodiments relate to an organic light-emitting device.

2. Description of the Related Art

Organic light-emitting devices are self-emission devices, have wide viewing angles, high contrast ratios, short response times, as well as excellent characteristics in terms of brightness, driving voltage, and response speed, and produce full-color images.

An example of such organic light-emitting devices may include a first electrode disposed on a substrate, and a hole transport region, an emission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode, which are sequentially disposed on the first electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode may move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrode may move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. Carriers, such as holes and electrons, recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. These excitons transit from an excited state to a ground state, thereby generating light.

SUMMARY

Aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure provide an organic light-emitting device having high efficiency. However, this is merely an example, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

Additional aspects of embodiments will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments.

An aspect of an embodiment provides an organic light-emitting device including: a first electrode; a second electrode; an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the organic layer includes: an emission layer; a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer; and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, wherein 50% or more of a total volume of the second electrode is silver (Ag), the hole transport region includes an amine-based polymer including a first repeating unit represented by Formula 1, and a number average molecular weight of the amine-based polymer is about 1,000 or more:

In Formula 1,

-   -   L₁₁ to L₁₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted         or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted         or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or         unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,         and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic         condensed heteropolycyclic group,     -   n11 to n13 may each independently be selected from 0, 1, 2, and         3,     -   R₁₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀         aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl         group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic         condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted         monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and     -   * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In one embodiment, an absorption coefficient (k) of the amine-based polymer in a visible light region may satisfy Equation 1 below: 0≤k<0.02.  Equation 1

In one embodiment, an absorption coefficient (k) of the amine-based polymer in a visible light region may satisfy Equation 2 below: 0≤k<0.015.  Equation 2

In one embodiment, the first electrode may be a reflective electrode.

Another aspect of an embodiment provides an organic light-emitting device including: a first electrode; a second electrode; an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the organic layer includes: an emission layer; a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer; and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, wherein 50% or more of a total volume of the second electrode is silver (Ag), the hole transport region includes an amine-based polymer, and an absorption coefficient (k) of the amine-based polymer in a visible light region satisfies Equation 1 below: 0≤k<0.02.  Equation 1

In one embodiment, the amine-based polymer may include a first repeating unit represented by Formula 1, and a number average molecular weight of the amine-based polymer may be about 1,000 or more:

In Formula 1,

-   -   L₁₁ to L₁₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted         or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted         or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or         unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,         and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic         condensed heteropolycyclic group,     -   n11 to n13 may each independently be selected from 0, 1, 2, and         3,     -   R₁₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀         aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl         group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic         condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted         monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and     -   * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

Another aspect of an embodiment provides an organic light-emitting device including: a substrate divided into a first sub-pixel region, a second sub-pixel region, and a third sub-pixel region; a plurality of first electrodes respectively arranged in the first sub-pixel region, the second sub-pixel region, and the third sub-pixel region of the substrate; a second electrode facing the plurality of first electrodes; an organic layer between the plurality of first electrodes and the second electrode, wherein the organic layer includes: a first emission layer, a second emission layer, and a third emission layer respectively arranged in the first sub-pixel region, the second sub-pixel region, and the third sub-pixel region of the substrate; a hole transport region between the plurality of first electrodes and the first to third emission layers; and an electron transport region between the first to third emission layers and the second electrode, wherein 50% or more of a total volume of the second electrode is silver (Ag), the hole transport region includes an amine-based polymer including a first repeating unit represented by Formula 1, and a number average molecular weight of the amine-based is about 1,000 or more:

In Formula 1,

-   -   L₁₁ to L₁₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted         or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted         or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or         unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,         and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic         condensed heteropolycyclic group,     -   n11 to n13 may each independently be selected from 0, 1, 2, and         3,     -   R₁₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀         aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl         group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic         condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted         monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and     -   * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In one embodiment, an absorption coefficient (k) of the amine-based polymer in a visible light region may satisfy Equation 1 below: 0≤k<0.02.  Equation 1

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and/or other aspects of embodiments will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment; and

FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure will now be described more fully with reference to exemplary embodiments. The disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the concept of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Features of embodiments of the present disclosure, and how to achieve them, will become apparent by reference to the embodiment that will be described herein below in more detail, together with the accompanying drawings. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be limited to the exemplary embodiments.

Hereinafter, embodiments are described in more detail by referring to the attached drawings, and in the drawings, like reference numerals denote like elements, and a redundant explanation thereof will not be provided herein.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising” used herein specify the presence of stated features or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features or components.

It will be understood that when a layer, region, or component is referred to as being “on” or “onto” another layer, region, or component, it may be directly or indirectly formed on the other layer, region, or component. For example, intervening layers, regions, or components may be present.

Sizes of components in the drawings may be exaggerated for convenience of explanation. In other words, since sizes and thicknesses of components in the drawings are arbitrarily illustrated for convenience of explanation, the following embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

An organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment may include: a first electrode; a second electrode; an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, wherein the organic layer may include: a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer; and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, 50% or more of a total volume of the second electrode may be silver (Ag), the hole transport region may include an amine-based polymer including a repeating unit represented by Formula 1, and a number average molecular weight of the amine-based polymer may be about 1,000 or more:

In Formula 1,

-   -   L₁₁ to L₁₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted         or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted         or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or         unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,         and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic         condensed heteropolycyclic group,     -   n11 to n13 may each independently be 0, 1, 2, and 3,     -   R₁₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀         aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl         group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic         condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted         monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and     -   * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

An absorption coefficient (k) of the amine-based polymer in a visible light region may satisfy Equation 1 below: 0≤k<0.02.  Equation 1

When the amine-based polymer satisfies Equation 1, the absorption coefficient was low, and thus, the efficiency of the organic light-emitting device may be improved.

For example, the absorption coefficient (k) of the amine-based polymer in the visible light region may satisfy Equation 2, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto: 0≤k<0.015.  Equation 2

In one embodiment, the hole transport region may include at least one of a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer, and at least one of the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer may include the amine-based polymer.

In one embodiment, the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer, and the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer may include the amine-based polymer. At this time, the amine-based polymer included in the hole injection layer may be different from the amine-based polymer included in the hole transport layer.

For example, in Formula 1, L₁₁ and L₁₂ may each independently be selected from:

-   -   a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a         benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a         phenanthrenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene         group, a pyridinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a         triazinylene group, a carbazolylene group, a benzofuranylene         group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a         dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, and a         dibenzocarbazolylene group; and     -   a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a         benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a         phenanthrenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene         group, a pyridinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a         triazinylene group, a carbazolylene group, a benzofuranylene         group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a         dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, and a         dibenzocarbazolylene group, each substituted with at least one         selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a         nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a         phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl         group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group         substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and         —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),     -   Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a phenyl         group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl         group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a         thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a         pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, but embodiments of the present         disclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, in Formula 1, n11 and n12 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2, wherein the sum of n11 and n12 may be 1, 2, 3, or 4, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, in Formula 1, R₁₁ may be selected from:

-   -   a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a         pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a         dibenzocarbazolyl group; and     -   a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a         pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one         selected from a crosslinking group, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,         a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀         alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl         group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a         phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group,         —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and     -   Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a phenyl         group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl         group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a         thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a         pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, but embodiments of the present         disclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, the crosslinking group may be represented by one selected from Formulae 7-1 to 7-3, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In Formulae 7-1 to 7-3,

-   -   R₇₁ may be selected from hydrogen and a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group;     -   b71 may be 1, 2, or 3; and     -   * indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

For example, the first repeating unit represented by Formula 1 may be represented by Formula 1-1, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In Formula 1-1,

-   -   R₁₁ may be selected from:     -   a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a         pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a         dibenzocarbazolyl group; and     -   a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a         pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one         selected from a crosslinking group, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,         a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀         alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl         group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a         phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group,         —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),     -   R₁₂ and R₁₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,         deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a nitro group, a         C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a         biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted         with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a         naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),     -   b12 may be 1, 2, 3, or 4,     -   n11 and n12 may each be 0, 1, or 2,     -   the sum of n11 and n12 may be 1, 2, 3, or 4,     -   Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a phenyl         group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl         group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a         thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a         pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, and     -   * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In one embodiment, the first repeating unit represented by Formula 1 may be represented by Formulae 101 to 105, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In Formulae 101 to 105,

-   -   n-octyl indicates an n-octyl group,     -   isobutyl indicates an isobutyl group,     -   n-butyl indicates an n-butyl group, and     -   * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In one embodiment, the amine-based polymer may further include a repeating unit represented by Formula 2:

In Formula 2,

-   -   Ar₂₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀         carbocyclic group and a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀         heterocyclic group,     -   L₂₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted         C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀         heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent         non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or         unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic         group,     -   n21 may be 0, 1, 2, or 3,     -   R₂₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀         aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl         group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic         condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted         monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and     -   * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

For example, in Formula 2, Ar₂₁ may be selected form:

-   -   a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a         benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenanthrene         group, a thiophene group, a furan group, a pyridine group, a         pyrimidine group, a triazine group, a carbazole group, a         benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group,         a dibenzothiophene group, a benzocarbazole group, and a         dibenzocarbazole group; and     -   a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a         benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenanthrene         group, a thiophene group, a furan group, a pyridine group, a         pyrimidine group, a triazine group, a carbazole group, a         benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group,         a dibenzothiophene group, a benzocarbazole group, and a         dibenzocarbazole group, each substituted with at least one         selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a         nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a         phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl         group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group         substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and         —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and     -   Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a phenyl         group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl         group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a         thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a         pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, but embodiments of the present         disclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, in Formula 2, L₂₁ may be selected from:

-   -   a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a         benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a         phenanthrenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene         group, a pyridinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a         triazinylene group, a carbazolylene group, a benzofuranylene         group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a         dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, and a         dibenzocarbazolylene group; and     -   a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a         benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a         phenanthrenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene         group, a pyridinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a         triazinylene group, a carbazolylene group, a benzofuranylene         group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a         dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, and a         dibenzocarbazolylene group, each substituted with at least one         selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a         nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a         phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl         group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group         substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and         —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and     -   Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a phenyl         group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl         group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a         thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a         pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, but embodiments of the present         disclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, in Formula 2, n21 may be 0 or 1, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, in Formula 2, R₂₁ may be selected from:

-   -   a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a         pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a         dibenzocarbazolyl group; and     -   a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a         pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one         selected from a crosslinking group, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,         a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀         alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl         group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a         phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group,         —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and     -   Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a phenyl         group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl         group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a         thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a         pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, but embodiments of the present         disclosure are not limited thereto.

The crosslinking group is the same as described above.

For example, the repeating unit represented by Formula 2 may be represented by Formula 2-1, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In Formula 2-1,

-   -   R₂₂ and R₂₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,         deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a nitro group, a         C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a         biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted         with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a         naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),     -   b22 may be 1, 2, or 3,     -   R₂₄ and R₂₅ may each independently be selected from a         crosslinking group represented by one selected from Formulae 7-1         to 7-3, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a         nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a         phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl         group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group         substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and         —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂);

wherein, in Formulae 7-1 to 7-3,

-   -   R₇₁ may be selected from hydrogen and a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group; and     -   b71 may be 1, 2, or 3,     -   Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a phenyl         group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl         group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a         thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a         pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, and     -   * and *′ each indicate binding sites to a neighboring atom.

In one embodiment, the repeating unit represented by Formula 2 may be represented by Formulae 201 to 203, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In Formulae 201 to 203,

-   -   n-octyl indicates an n-octyl group,     -   n-hexyl indicates an n-hexyl group, and     -   * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

For example, a number average molecular weight of the amine-based polymer may be about 100,000 or less, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one embodiment, the number average molecular weight of the amine-based may be in a range of about 20,000 to about 50,000, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, the amine-based polymer may be selected from Polymers 1 to 3, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

TABLE 1 Number Repeating unit average ratio molecular Repeating unit (molar ratio) weight Polymer 1

  Repeating unit 1-1

  Repeating unit 1-2 70:30 20,000 Polymer 2

  Repeating unit 2-1

  Repeating unit 2-2 80:20 50,000 Polymer 3

  Repeating unit 3-1

  Repeating unit 3-2 30:12.5:7.5:50 40,000

  Repeating unit 3-3

  Repeating unit 3-4

Since the amine-based polymer does not substantially absorb visible light, an absorption coefficient of the amine-based polymer in a visible light region may be less than 0.02.

The amine-based polymer may be provided to the organic light-emitting device by a solution process, for example, spin coating.

An aspect of an embodiment provides an organic light-emitting device including: a first electrode; a second electrode; an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, wherein the organic layer may include: a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer; and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, 50% or more of a total volume of the second electrode may be silver (Ag), the hole transport region may include the amine-based polymer, and an absorption coefficient (k) of the amine-based polymer in a visible light region may satisfy Equation 1 below: 0≤k<0.02.  Equation 1

When the amine-based polymer satisfies Equation 1, the absorption coefficient is low, and thus, the efficiency of the organic light-emitting device may be improved.

For example, the absorption coefficient (k) of the amine-based polymer in the visible light region may satisfy Equation 2 below, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. 0≤k<0.015.  Equation 2

For example, the hole transport region may include at least one of a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer, and at least one of the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer may include the amine-based polymer.

In one embodiment, the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer, and the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer may include the amine-based polymers. At this time, the amine-based polymer included in the hole injection layer may be different from the amine-based polymer included in the hole transport layer.

For example, the amine-based polymer may include a first repeating unit represented by Formula 1, and a number average molecular weight of the amine-based polymer may be about 1,000 or more, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In Formula 1,

-   -   L₁₁ to L₁₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted         or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted         or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or         unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,         and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic         condensed heteropolycyclic group,     -   n11 to n13 may each independently be selected from 0, 1, 2, and         3,     -   R₁₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted         heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀         aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl         group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic         condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted         monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and     -   * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

The amine-based polymer is the same as described above.

An organic light-emitting device according to another embodiment may include: a substrate divided into a first sub-pixel region, a second sub-pixel region, and a third sub-pixel region; a plurality of first electrodes respectively arranged in the first sub-pixel region, the second sub-pixel region, and the third sub-pixel region of the substrate; a second electrode facing the plurality of first electrodes; and an organic layer between the plurality of first electrodes and the second electrode and including a first emission layer, a second emission layer, and a third emission layer respectively arranged in the first sub-pixel region, the second sub-pixel region, and the third sub-pixel region of the substrate, wherein the organic layer may include a hole transport region between the plurality of first electrodes and the first to third emission layers and an electron transport region between the first to third emission layers and the second electrode, 50% or more of a total volume of the second electrode may be silver (Ag), the hole transport region may include an amine-based polymer including a first repeating unit represented by Formula 1, and a number average molecular weight of the amine-based polymer may be about 1,000 or more:

In Formula 1,

-   -   L₁₁ to L₁₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted         or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or         unsubstituted heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or         unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,         and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic         condensed heteropolycyclic group,     -   n11 to n13 may each independently be selected from 0, 1, 2, and         3,     -   R₁₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀         aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl         group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic         condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted         monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and     -   * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

The amine-based polymer is the same as described above.

A first sub-pixel is formed in the first sub-pixel region, a second sub-pixel is formed in the second sub-pixel region, and a third sub-pixel is formed in the third sub-pixel region.

The hole transport region may be formed on the first electrode as a common layer. The hole transport region may include: a first hole transport region formed in the first sub-pixel region; a second hole transport region formed in the second sub-pixel region; and a third hole transport region formed in the third sub-pixel region. The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer, which are sequentially stacked from the plurality of first electrodes.

A plurality of emission layers including a first emission layer, a second emission layer, and a third emission layer may be formed on the hole transport region. The first emission layer may be formed in the first sub-pixel region to emit first color light, the second emission layer may be formed in the second sub-pixel region to emit second color light, and the third emission layer may be formed in the third sub-pixel region to emit third color light.

The first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. The first color light, the second color light, and the third color light may be mixed to emit white light.

An electron transport region may be formed on the plurality of emission layers. The electron transport region may be formed on the plurality of emission layers as a common layer. The electron transport region may include an electron transport layer and an electron injection layer, which are sequentially stacked on the plurality of emission layers.

A second electrode may be formed on the electron transport region as a common layer.

The term “common layer,” as used herein, refers to a layer formed over the first sub-pixel region, the second sub-pixel region, and the third sub-pixel region, without performing patterning with respect to the first sub-pixel region, the second sub-pixel region, and the third sub-pixel region.

Description of FIG. 1

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an organic light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment. The organic light-emitting device 10 includes a first electrode 110, an organic layer 150, and a second electrode 190.

Hereinafter, the structure of the organic light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment and a method of manufacturing the organic light-emitting device 10 will be described in connection with FIG. 1 .

First Electrode 110

In FIG. 1 , a substrate may be additionally disposed under the first electrode 110 or above the second electrode 190. The substrate may be a glass substrate, a metal substrate, or a plastic substrate, each having excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability, transparency, surface smoothness, ease of handling, and water resistance.

For example, when the organic light-emitting device is a bottom emission type (or kind) of organic light-emitting device in which light is emitted in a direction toward a substrate, the substrate may be transparent. In this case, the substrate may include polyethersulphone (PES), polyacrylate (PAR), polyetherimide (PEI), polyethylene napthalate (PEN), polyethyleneterepthalate (PET), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyallylate, polyimide (PI), polycarbonate (PC), or cellulose acetate propionate (CAP).

In one embodiment, when the organic light-emitting device is a top emission type (or kind) of organic light-emitting device in which light is emitted in a direction opposite to a substrate, the substrate need not be essentially transparent, and may be opaque or semitransparent. In this case, metal may be used to form the substrate. When the substrate is formed of metal, the substrate may include at least one selected from carbon, iron, chromium, manganese, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, stainless steel (SUS), an Invar alloy, an inconel alloy, and a kovar alloy.

The first electrode 110 may be formed by depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, the material for a first electrode may be selected from materials with a high work function to facilitate hole injection.

In one embodiment, the organic light-emitting device may be a top emission type (or kind) of organic light-emitting device. The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode. In this case, the substrate may be disposed below the first electrode 110, and the substrate may be opaque or semitransparent.

The first electrode 110 may include a reflective conductive layer including silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), nickel (Ni), indium (In), neodymium (Nd), iridium (Ir), chromium (Cr), lithium (Li), calcium (Ca), ytterbium (Yb), and any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the first electrode 110 may include a plurality of layers. For example, the first electrode 110 may include a transparent conductive layer above and/or below the reflective conductive layer. The transparent conductive layer may include, for example, tin oxide (SnO₂) indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium oxide (In₂O₃), indium gallium oxide (IGO), aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), and any combination thereof.

The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure, or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers.

Organic Layer 150

The organic layer 150 is disposed on the first electrode 110. The organic layer 150 may include an emission layer.

The organic layer 150 may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer, and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode 190.

Hole Transport Region in Organic Layer 150

The hole transport region may have i) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

The hole transport region may include at least one layer selected from a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, and an electron blocking layer.

For example, the hole transport region may have a single-layered structure including a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or a multi-layered structure having a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer structure, wherein for each structure, constituting layers are sequentially stacked from the first electrode 110 in this stated order, but the structure of the hole transport region is not limited thereto.

The electron transport region may further include an electron blocking layer.

A thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. When the hole transport region includes at least one of a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer, a thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 9,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, and a thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å, for example about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, suitable or satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The emission auxiliary layer may increase light-emission efficiency by compensating for an optical resonance distance according to the wavelength of light emitted by an emission layer, and the electron blocking layer may block the flow of electrons from an electron transport region. The emission auxiliary layer and the electron blocking layer may include the materials as described above.

p-Dopant

The hole transport region may further include, in addition to these materials, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in the hole transport region.

The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.

In one embodiment, the p-dopant may have a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level of about −3.5 eV or less.

The p-dopant may include at least one selected from a quinone derivative, a metal oxide, and a cyano group-containing compound, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, the p-dopant may include at least one selected from a quinone derivative, such as tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ);

-   -   a metal oxide, such as tungsten oxide or molybdenum oxide;     -   1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN); and     -   a compound represented by Formula 221 below:     -   but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited         thereto:

In Formula 221,

-   -   R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may each independently be selected from a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic         group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent         non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, wherein at least         one selected from R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may have at least one substituent         selected from a cyano group, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl         group substituted with —F, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with         —Cl, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —Br, and a C₁-C₂₀         alkyl group substituted with —I.         Emission Layer in Organic Layer 150

When the organic light-emitting device 10 is a full-color organic light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, or a blue emission layer, according to a sub-pixel. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers selected from a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, in which the two or more layers contact each other or are separated from each other. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materials selected from a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material, in which the two or more materials are mixed with each other in a single layer to emit white light.

The emission layer may include a host and a dopant. The dopant may include at least one selected from a phosphorescent dopant and a fluorescent dopant.

An amount of the dopant in the emission layer may be generally in a range of about 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the host, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within this range, excellent light-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

Host in Emission Layer

In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301: [Ar₃₀₁]_(xb11)-[(L₃₀₁)_(xb1)-R₃₀₁]_(xb21).  Formula 301

In Formula 301,

-   -   Ar₃₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic         group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic         group,     -   xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3,     -   L₃₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted         cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted         C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀         heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent         non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or         unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic         group,     -   xb1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,     -   R₃₀₁ may be selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a         hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group,         a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted         C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀         alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy         group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic         group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic         condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂)(Q₃₀₃),         —N(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —B(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₀₁), and         —P(═O)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂),     -   xb21 may be an integer from 1 to 5, and     -   Q₃₀₁ to Q₃₀₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀         alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl         group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group, but embodiments         of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one embodiment, in Formula 301, Ar₃₀₁ may be selected from:

-   -   a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group,         a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene         group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene         group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a         naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a         pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran         group, and a dibenzothiophene group; and     -   a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group,         a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene         group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene         group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a         naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a         pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran         group, and a dibenzothiophene group, each substituted with at         least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl         group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a         hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a         C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a         terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃),         —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and         —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and     -   Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀         alkyl group, a alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a         terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group, but embodiments of the         present disclosure are not limited thereto.

When xb11 in Formula 301 is two or more, two or more Ar301(s) may be linked via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 301 may be represented by Formula 301-1 or 301-2:

In Formulae 301-1 and 301-2,

-   -   A₃₀₁ to A₃₀₄ may each independently be selected from a benzene         group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, a fluoranthene         group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a         pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, an indene group, a fluorene         group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a         dibenzofluorene group, an indole group, a carbazole group, a         benzocarbazole group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a furan group, a         benzofuran group, a dibenzofuran group, a naphthofuran group, a         benzonaphthofuran group, a dinaphthofuran group, a thiophene         group, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene group, a         naphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, and a         dinaphthothiophene group,     -   X₃₀₁ may be O, S, or N-[(L₃₀₄)_(xb4)-R₃₀₄],     -   R₃₁₁ to R₃₁₄ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,         deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a         nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono         group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl         group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group         —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),         —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),     -   xb22 and xb23 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2,     -   L₃₀₁, xb1, R₃₀₁, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are the same as described above,     -   L₃₀₂ to L₃₀₄ may each independently be the same as described in         connection with L₃₀₁,     -   xb2 to xb4 may each independently be the same as described in         connection with xb1, and     -   R₃₀₂ to R₃₀₄ may each independently be the same as described in         connection with R₃₀₁.

For example, in Formulae 301, 301-1, and 301-2, L₃₀₁ to L₃₀₄ may each independently be selected from:

-   -   a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a         spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a         dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an         anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a         triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene         group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a         hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene         group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene         group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a         benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a         dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a         dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, a         pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyrazolylene         group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, an         oxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene         group, an oxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a         pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a triazinylene         group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a         benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylene group, a         naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, a         quinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a         phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a         phenanthrolinylene group, a phenazinylene group, a         benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylene group, a         benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, a         triazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an         imidazopyridinylene group, an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and         an azacarbazolylene group; and     -   a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a         spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a         dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an         anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a         triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene         group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a         hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene         group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene         group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a         benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a         dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a         dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, a         pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyrazolylene         group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, an         oxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene         group, an oxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a         pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a triazinylene         group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a         benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylene group, a         naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, a         quinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a         phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a         phenanthrolinylene group, a phenazinylene group, a         benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylene group, a         benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, a         triazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an         imidazopyridinylene group, an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and         an azacarbazolylene group, each substituted with at least one         selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a         cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group,         a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group,         a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl         group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl         group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl         group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl         group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl         group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a         benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl         group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl         group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a         phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl         group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an         isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an         imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an         azacarbazolyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),         —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),         and     -   Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are the same as described above.

In one embodiment, in Formulae 301, 301-1, and 301-2, R₃₀₁ to R₃₀₄ may each independently be selected from:

-   -   a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl         group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl         group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl         group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl         group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl         group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a         benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl         group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl         group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a         phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl         group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an         isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an         imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an         azacarbazolyl group; and     -   a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl         group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl         group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl         group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl         group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl         group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a         benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl         group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl         group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a         phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl         group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an         isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an         imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an         azacarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected         from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano         group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a         hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a         phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl         group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl         group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl         group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl         group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl         group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a         benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl         group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl         group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a         phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl         group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an         isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an         imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an         azacarbazolyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),         —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),         and     -   Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are the same as described above.

In one embodiment, the host may include an alkaline earth metal complex. For example, the host may be selected from a Be complex (for example, Compound H55), a Mg complex, and a Zn complex.

The host may include at least one selected from 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN), 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di-9-carbazolylbenzene (mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), and Compounds H1 to H55, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

Phosphorescent Dopant Included in Emission Layer in Organic Layer 150

The phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic complex represented by Formula 401 below:

In Formulae 401 and 402,

-   -   M may be selected from iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium         (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf),         europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), and thulium (Tm),     -   L₄₀₁ may be selected from ligands represented by Formula 402,         and xc1 may be 1, 2, or 3, wherein, when xc1 is two or more, two         or more L₄₀₁(s) may be identical to or different from each         other,     -   L₄₀₂ may be an organic ligand, and xc2 may be an integer from 0         to 4, wherein, when xc2 is two or more, two or more L₄₀₂(s) may         be identical to or different from each other,     -   X₄₀₁ to X₄₀₄ may each independently be nitrogen or carbon,     -   X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₃ may be linked via a single bond or a double bond,         and X₄₀₂ and X₄₀₄ may be linked via a single bond or a double         bond,     -   A₄₀₁ and A₄₀₂ may each independently be a C₅-C₆₀ cyclic group or         a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,     -   X₄₀₅ may be a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′,         *—N(Q₄₁₁)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)(Q₄₁₂)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)═C(Q₄₁₂)-*′,         *—C(Q₄₁₁)=*′, or *═C═*′, wherein Q₄₁₁ and Q₄₁₂ may be hydrogen,         deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl         group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group,     -   X₄₀₆ may be a single bond, O, or S,     -   R₄₀₁ and R₄₀₂ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,         deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a         nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono         group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a substituted         or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted         C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀         arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl         group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic         condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted         monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,         —Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃), —N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂),         —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁), —S(═O) (Q₄₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₄₀₂), wherein Q₄₀₁ to         Q₄₀₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl         group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a C₆-C₂₀ aryl group, and a C₁-C₂₀         heteroaryl group,     -   xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10,         and     -   * and *′ in Formula 402 each indicate a binding site to M in         Formula 401.

In one embodiment, in Formula 402, A₄₀₁ and A₄₀₂ may each independently be selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, an indene group, a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan(furan) group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a carbazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzofuran(benzofuran) group, a benzothiophene group, an isobenzothiophene group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a dibenzofuran(dibenzofuran) group, and a dibenzothiophene group.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 402, i) X₄₀₁ may be nitrogen, and X₄₀₂ may be carbon, or ii) X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₂ may be both nitrogen.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 402, R₄₀₁ and R₄₀₂ may each independently be selected from:

-   -   hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano         group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a         hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy         group;     -   a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each         substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl,         —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an         amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a phenyl         group, a naphthyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl         group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, and a         norbornenyl group;     -   a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantanyl group, a         norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a phenyl group, a         biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl         group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl         group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl         group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a         quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group,         and a dibenzothiophenyl group;     -   a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantanyl group, a         norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group a phenyl group, a         biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl         group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl         group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl         group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a         quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group,         and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with at least         one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group,         a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino         group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy         group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantanyl         group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a phenyl group,         a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a         fluorenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a         pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a         quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group,         a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and     -   —Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃), —N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂),         —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₄₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), and     -   Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀         alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl         group, and a naphthyl group, but embodiments of the present         disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, when xc1 in Formula 401 is two or more, two A₄₀₁(s) selected from two or more of L₄₀₁(s) may optionally be linked via a linking group, X₄₀₇, and when xc2 in Formula 401 is two or more, two A₄₀₂(s) selected from two or more of L₄₀₂(s) may optionally be linked via a linking group, X₄₀₈ (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). X₄₀₇ and X₄₀₈ may each independently be a single bond, *—O-′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—N(Q₄₁₃)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₃)(Q₄₁₄)-*′, or *—C(Q₄₁₃)═C(Q₄₁₄)-′ (wherein Q₄₁₃ and Q₄₁₄ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group), but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

L₄₀₂ in Formula 401 may be a monovalent, divalent, or trivalent organic ligand. For example, L₄₀₂ may be selected from halogen, diketone (for example, acetylacetonate), carboxylic acid (for example, picolinate), —C(═O), isonitrile, —CN, and phosphorus (for example, phosphine, or phosphite), but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may be selected from, for example, Compounds PD1 to PD26, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

Fluorescent Dopant in Emission Layer

The fluorescent dopant may include an arylamine compound or a styrylamine compound.

The fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501 below.

In Formula 501,

-   -   Ar₅₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic         group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic         group,     -   L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃ may each independently be selected from a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group,         a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed         polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent         non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,     -   xd1 to xd3 may each independently be an integer of 0 to 3;     -   R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ may each independently be selected from a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic         group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent         non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and     -   xd4 may be an integer of 1 to 6.

In one embodiment, Ar₅₀₁ in Formula 501 may be selected from:

-   -   a naphthalene group, a heptalene group, a fluorene group, a         spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene         group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene         group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene         group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a         perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group,         and an indenophenanthrene group; and     -   a naphthalene group, a heptalene group, a fluorene group, a         spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene         group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene         group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene         group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a         perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group,         and an indenophenanthrene group, each substituted with at least         one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group,         a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino         group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy         group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and         a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃ in Formula 501 may each independently be selected from:

-   -   a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a         spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a         dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an         anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a         triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene         group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a         hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene         group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene         group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a         benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a         dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a         dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and a         pyridinylene group; and     -   a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a         spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a         dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an         anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a         triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene         group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a         hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene         group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene         group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a         benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a         dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a         dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and a         pyridinylene group, each substituted with at least one selected         from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano         group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a         hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a         phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl         group.

In one or more embodiments, R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ in Formula 501 may each independently be selected from:

-   -   a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl         group; and     -   a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl         group, each substituted with at least one selected from         deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a         nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono         group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl         group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a         fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl         group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an         anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group,         a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a         pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a         thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an         indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a         benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a         dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl         group and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and     -   Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀         alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl         group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, the fluorescent dopant may be selected from Compounds FD1 to FD22:

In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may be selected from the following compounds, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

Electron Transport Region in Organic Layer 150

The electron transport region may have i) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

The electron transport region may include at least one selected from a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, wherein for each structure, constituting layers are sequentially stacked from an emission layer. However, embodiments of the structure of the electron transport region are not limited thereto.

The electron transport region (for example, a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound containing at least one π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring.

The “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring” indicates a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group having at least one *—N═*′ moiety as a ring-forming moiety.

For example, the “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring” may be i) a 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic group having at least one *—N═*′ moiety, ii) a heteropolycyclic group in which two or more 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic groups each having at least one *—N═*′ moiety are condensed with each other, or iii) a heteropolycyclic group in which at least one of 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic groups, each having at least one *—N═*′ moiety, is condensed with at least one C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group.

Examples of the π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring include an imidazole, a pyrazole, a thiazole, an isothiazole, an oxazole, an isoxazole, a pyridine, a pyrazine, a pyrimidine, a pyridazine, an indazole, a purine, a quinoline, an isoquinoline, a benzoquinoline, a phthalazine, a naphthyridine, a quinoxaline, a quinazoline, a cinnoline, a phenanthridine, an acridine, a phenanthroline, a phenazine, a benzimidazole, an isobenzothiazole, a benzoxazole, an isobenzoxazole, a triazole, a tetrazole, an oxadiazole, a triazine, thiadiazol, an imidazopyridine, an imidazopyrimidine, and an azacarbazole, but are not limited thereto.

For example, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601: [Ar₆₀₁]_(xe11)-[(L₆₀₁)_(xe1)-R₆₀₁]_(xe21).  Formula 601

In Formula 601,

-   -   Ar₆₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic         group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic         group,     -   xe11 may be 1, 2, or 3,     -   L₆₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted         C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀         heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent         non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or         unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic         group,     -   xe1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,     -   R₆₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀         aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group,         a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed         polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent         non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,         —Si(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂)(Q₆₀₃), —C(═O)(Q₆₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁), and         —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),     -   Q₆₀₁ to Q₆₀₃ may each independently be a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a         C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a         terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group, and     -   xe21 may be an integer from 1 to 5.

In one embodiment, at least one of Ar₆₀₁(s) in the number of xe11 and R₆₀₁ (s) in the number of xe21 may include the π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring.

In one embodiment, ring Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may be selected from:

-   -   a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a         spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene         group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene         group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene         group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a         perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a         dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group,         an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an         isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a         pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a         pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline         group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a         phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a         quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an         acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a         benzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole         group, an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole         group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole         group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, and         an azacarbazole group; and     -   a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a         spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene         group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene         group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene         group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a         perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a         dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group,         an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an         isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a         pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a         pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline         group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a         phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a         quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an         acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a         benzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole         group, an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole         group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole         group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, and         an azacarbazole group, each substituted with at least one         selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a         cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group,         a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group,         a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),         and     -   Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀         alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl         group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

When xe11 in Formula 601 is two or more, two or more of Ar₆₀₁(s) may be linked via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may be an anthracene group.

In one or more embodiments, a compound represented by Formula 601 may be represented by Formula 601-1:

In Formula 601-1,

-   -   X₆₁₄ may be N or C(R₆₁₄), X₆₁₆ may be N or C(R₆₁₅), X₆₁₆ may be         N or C(R₆₁₆), and at least one selected from X₆₁₄ to X₆₁₆ may be         N,     -   L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ may each independently be the same as described in         connection with L₆₀₁,     -   xe611 to xe613 may each independently be the same as described         in connection with xe1,     -   R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ may each independently be the same as described in         connection with R₆₀₁,     -   R₆₁₄ to R₆₁₆ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,         deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a         nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono         group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl         group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl         group.

In one embodiment, in Formulae 601 and 601-1, L₆₀₁ and L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ may each independently be selected from:

-   -   a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a         spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a         dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an         anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a         triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene         group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a         hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene         group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene         group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a         benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a         dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a         dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, a         pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyrazolylene         group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, an         oxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene         group, an oxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a         pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a triazinylene         group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a         benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylene group, a         naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, a         quinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a         phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a         phenanthrolinylene group, a phenazinylene group, a         benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylene group, a         benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, a         triazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an         imidazopyridinylene group, an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and         an azacarbazolylene group; and     -   a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a         spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a         dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an         anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a         triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene         group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a         hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene         group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene         group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a         benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a         dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a         dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, a         pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyrazolylene         group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, an         oxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene         group, an oxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a         pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a triazinylene         group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a         benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylene group, a         naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, a         quinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a         phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a         phenanthrolinylene group, a phenazinylene group, a         benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylene group, a         benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, a         triazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an         imidazopyridinylene group, an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and         an azacarbazolylene group, each substituted with at least one         selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a         cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group,         a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group,         a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl         group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl         group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl         group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl         group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl         group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a         benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl         group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl         group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a         phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl         group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an         isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an         imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an         azacarbazolyl group,     -   but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited         thereto.

In one or more embodiment, in Formulae 601 and 601-1, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

In one or more embodiment, in Formulae 601 and 601-1, R₆₀₁ and R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ may each independently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an azacarbazolyl group;

-   -   a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl         group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl         group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl         group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl         group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl         group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a         benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl         group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl         group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a         phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl         group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an         isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an         imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an         azacarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected         from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano         group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a         hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a         phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl         group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl         group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl         group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl         group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl         group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a         benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl         group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl         group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a         phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl         group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an         isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an         imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an         azacarbazolyl group; and     -   —S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂), and     -   Q₆₀₁ and Q₆₀₂ are the same as described above.

The electron transport region may include at least one compound selected from Compounds ET1 to ET37, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include at least one compound selected from 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq₃, BAlq, 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ), NTAZ, and diphenyl(4-(triphenylsilyl)phenyl)-phosphine oxide (TSPO1):

A thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer may be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å. When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and the electron control layer are within these ranges, the electron blocking layer may have excellent electron blocking characteristics or electron control characteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

A thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thickness of the electron transport layer is within the range described above, the electron transport layer may have suitable or satisfactory electron transport characteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.

The metal-containing material may include at least one selected from alkali metal complex and alkaline earth-metal complex. The alkali metal complex may include a metal ion selected from a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, and a Cs ion, and the alkaline earth-metal complex may include a metal ion selected from a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, and a Ba ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may be selected from a hydroxy quinoline, a hydroxy isoquinoline, a hydroxy benzoquinoline, a hydroxy acridine, a hydroxy phenanthridine, a hydroxy phenyloxazole, a hydroxy phenylthiazole, a hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxy diphenylthiadiazol, a hydroxy phenylpyridine, a hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, and a cyclopentadiene, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (lithium quinolate, LiQ) or ET-D2:

The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates injection of electrons from the second electrode 190. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode 190.

The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combinations thereof.

The alkali metal may be selected from Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs. In one embodiment, the alkali metal may be Li, Na, or Cs. In one or more embodiments, the alkali metal may be Li or Cs, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth metal may be selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba.

The rare earth metal may be selected from Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, and Gd.

The alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth-metal compound, and the rare earth metal compound may be selected from oxides and halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides) of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth-metal, and the rare earth metal.

The alkali metal compound may be selected from alkali metal oxides, such as Li₂O, Cs₂O, or K₂O, and alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, KI, or RbI. In one embodiment, the alkali metal compound may be selected from LiF, Li₂O, NaF, LiI, NaI, CsI, and KI, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth-metal compound may be selected from alkaline earth-metal oxides, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba_(x)Sr_(1-x)O (0<x<1), Ba_(x)Ca_(1-x)O (0<x<1). In one embodiment, the alkaline earth-metal compound may be selected from BaO, SrO, and CaO, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The rare earth metal compound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, ScO₃, Y₂O₃, Ce₂O₃, GdF₃, and TbF₃. In one embodiment, the rare earth metal compound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, TbF₃, YbI₃, ScI₃, and TbI₃, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include an ion of alkali metal, alkaline earth-metal, and rare earth metal as described above, and a ligand coordinated with a metal ion of the alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, or the rare earth metal complex may be selected from hydroxy quinoline, hydroxy isoquinoline, hydroxy benzoquinoline, hydroxy acridine, hydroxy phenanthridine, hydroxy phenyloxazole, hydroxy phenylthiazole, hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, hydroxy diphenylthiadiazol, hydroxy phenylpyridine, hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole, hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, and cyclopentadiene, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combinations thereof, as described above. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material. When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combinations thereof may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.

A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the range described above, the electron injection layer may have suitable or satisfactory electron injection characteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

Second Electrode 190

The second electrode 190 may be disposed on the organic layer 150 having such a structure. The second electrode 190 may be a cathode which is an electron injection electrode, and in this regard, a material for forming the second electrode 190 may be selected from metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, and a combination thereof, which have a relatively low work function.

In one embodiment, the organic light-emitting device may be a top-emission type (or kind) of light-emitting device. The second electrode 190 may be a transmissive or semi-transmissive electrode.

The second electrode 190 may include, in addition to silver (Ag), at least one selected from lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), ITO, and IZO. In one embodiment, the second electrode 190 may have a single-layered structure, or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers.

Description of FIGS. 2-4

An organic light-emitting device 20 of FIG. 2 includes a first capping layer 210, a first electrode 110, an organic layer 150, and a second electrode 190 which are sequentially stacked in this stated order, an organic light-emitting device 30 of FIG. 3 includes a first electrode 110, an organic layer 150, a second electrode 190, and a second capping layer 220 which are sequentially stacked in this stated order, and an organic light-emitting device 40 of FIG. 4 includes a first capping layer 210, a first electrode 110, an organic layer 150, a second electrode 190, and a second capping layer 220.

Regarding FIGS. 2-4 , the first electrode 110, the organic layer 150, and the second electrode 190 may be understood by referring to the description presented in connection with FIG. 1 .

In the organic layer 150 of each of the organic light-emitting devices 20 and 40, light generated in an emission layer may pass through the first electrode 110, which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the first capping layer 210 toward the outside, and in the organic layer 150 of each of the organic light-emitting devices 30 and 40, light generated in an emission layer may pass through the second electrode 190, which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the second capping layer 220 toward the outside.

The first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may increase external luminescent efficiency according to the principle of constructive interference.

The first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or a composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.

At least one selected from the first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may each independently include at least one material selected from carbocyclic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, amine-based compounds, porphyrine derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, a naphthalocyanine derivatives, alkali metal complexes, and alkaline earth-based complexes. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine-based compound may be optionally substituted with a substituent containing at least one element selected from O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, and I. In one embodiment, at least one selected from the first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may each independently include an amine-based compound.

In one embodiment, at least one selected from the first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may each independently include the compound represented by Formula 201 or the compound represented by Formula 202.

In Formulae 201 and 202,

-   -   L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₄ may each independently be selected from a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group,         a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed         polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent         non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;     -   L₂₀₅ may be selected form *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—N(Q₂₀₁)-′, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group,         a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed         polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent         non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,     -   xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer of 0 to 3,     -   xa5 may be an integer of 1 to 10,     -   R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ and Q₂₀₁ may each independently be selected from a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic         group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent         non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

In one embodiment, R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂ in Formula 202 may optionally be linked via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylene group, and R₂₀₃ and R₂₀₄ may optionally be linked via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylene group.

In one or more embodiments, in Formulae 201 and 202,

-   -   L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₅ may each independently be selected from:     -   a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, a         naphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group,         an indacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene         group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group,         a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a         phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a         fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene         group, a chrysenylene group, a naphthacenylene group, a         picenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group,         a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a rubicenylene         group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, a         thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group,         an indolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene         group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a         dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a         dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and a         pyridinylene group; and     -   a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, a         naphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group,         an indacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene         group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group,         a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a         phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a         fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene         group, a chrysenylene group, a naphthacenylene group, a         picenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group,         a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a rubicenylene         group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, a         thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group,         an indolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene         group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a         dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a         dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and a         pyridinylene group, each substituted with at least one selected         from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano         group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a         hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a         cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a         cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a         biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted         with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a         pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an         azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an         acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group,         a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl         group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a         fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a         chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an         ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl         group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and     -   Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀         alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl         group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, xa1 to xa4 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

In one or more embodiments, xa5 may be 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In one or more embodiments, R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ and Q₂₀₁ may each independently be selected from a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group; and

-   -   a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a         pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an         azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an         acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group,         a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl         group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a         fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a         chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an         ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl         group, each substituted with at least one selected from         deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a         nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono         group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a         cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a         cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a         biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted         with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a         pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an         azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an         acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group,         a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl         group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a         fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a         chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an         ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl         group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and     -   Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are the same as described above.

In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₃ in Formula 201 may each independently be selected from:

-   -   a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl         group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group;         and     -   a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl         group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group,         each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F,         —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an         amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀         alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a         cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a         cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a         terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl         group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, a         fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group,         a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group,     -   but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited         thereto.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 202, i) R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂ may be linked via a single bond, and/or ii) R₂₀₃ and R₂₀₄ may be linked via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ in Formula 202 may be selected form:

-   -   a carbazolyl group; and     -   a carbazolyl group substituted with at least one selected from         deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a         nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono         group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a         cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a         cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a         biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted         with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a         naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a         dibenzothiophenyl group,     -   but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited         thereto.

The compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A:

In one embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A(1) below, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In one embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A-1 below, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In one embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 202 may be represented by Formula 202A:

In one embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 202 may be represented by Formula 202A-1:

In Formulae 201A, 201A(1), 201A-1, 202A, and 202A-1,

-   -   L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₃, xa1 to xa3, xa5, and R₂₀₂ to R₂₀₄ are the same as         described above,     -   R₂₁₁ and R₂₁₂ may each independently be the same as described in         connection with R₂₀₃,     -   R₂₁₃ to R₂₁₇ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,         deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a         nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono         group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a         cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a         cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a         biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted         with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a         pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an         azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an         acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group,         a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl         group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a         fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a         chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an         ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl         group.

The hole transport region may include at least one compound selected from Compounds HT1 to HT39, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from the first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may each independently include a compound selected from Compounds HT28 to HT33 and Compounds CP1 to CP5, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

Hereinbefore, the organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment has been described in connection with FIGS. 1-4 . However, embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

Layers constituting the hole transport region, an emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region may be formed in a certain region by using one or more suitable methods selected from vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, and laser-induced thermal imaging.

When layers constituting the hole transport region, an emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by vacuum deposition, for example, the vacuum deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature of about 100° C. to about 500° C., at a vacuum degree of about 10⁻⁸ torr to about 10⁻³ torr, and at a deposition rate of about 0.01 Å/sec to about 100 Å/sec by taking into account a material to be included in a layer to be formed, and the structure of a layer to be formed.

When layers constituting the hole transport region, an emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by spin coating, the spin coating may be performed at a coating speed of about 2,000 rpm to about 5,000 rpm and at a heat treatment temperature of about 80° C. to 200° C. by taking into account a material to be included in a layer to be formed, and the structure of a layer to be formed.

General Definition of Substituents

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group” as used herein refers to a linear or branched saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an isoamyl group, and a hexyl group. The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA₁₀₁ (wherein A₁₀₁ is the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group), and examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an isopropyloxy group.

A C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity, and examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its ring. Non-limiting examples of the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryl group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and a C₆-C₆₀ arylene group used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group are a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, and a chrysenyl group. When the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group and the C₆-C₆₀ arylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be fused to each other.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, in addition to 1 to 1 carbon atoms. The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, in addition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group are a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, and an isoquinolinyl group. When the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group and the C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be fused to each other.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed with each other, only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. An example of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group is a fluorenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S, other than carbon atoms, as a ring-forming atom, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. An example of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is a carbazolyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

The term “C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group” as used herein refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic group having 5 to 60 carbon atoms in which a ring-forming atom is a carbon atom only. The C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be an aromatic carbocyclic group or a non-aromatic carbocyclic group. The C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be a ring, such as benzene, a monovalent group, such as a phenyl group, or a divalent group, such as a phenylene group. In one or more embodiments, depending on the number of substituents connected to the C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, the C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be a trivalent group or a quadrivalent group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group” as used herein refers to a group having substantially the same structure as the C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, except that as a ring-forming atom, at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S is used in addition to carbon (the number of carbon atoms may be in a range of 1 to 60).

At least one substituent selected from the substituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ hetero aryloxy group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ hetero arylthio group, substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be selected from:

-   -   deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a         nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono         group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀         alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group;     -   a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl         group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least         one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group,         a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino         group, a hydrazono group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy         group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a         C₁-C₆₀ hetero aryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ hetero arylthio group, a         monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent         non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,         —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁),         —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂);     -   a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a         C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a         C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio         group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ hetero aryloxy group,         a C₁-C₆₀ hetero arylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic         condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic         condensed heteropolycyclic group;     -   a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a         C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a         C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio         group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ hetero aryloxy group,         a C₁-C₆₀ hetero arylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic         condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic         condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least         one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group,         a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino         group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl         group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀         aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a         C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ hetero aryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀         hetero arylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed         polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed         heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂),         —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂);         and     -   —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),         —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and     -   Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be         selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl         group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a         hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a         C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy         group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl         group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl         group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀         hetero aryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ hetero arylthio group, a         monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent         non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl         group substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F,         and a cyano group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group substituted with at least         one selected from deuterium, —F, and a cyano group, a biphenyl         group, and a terphenyl group.

The term “Ph” as used herein indicates a phenyl group, the term “Me” as used herein indicates a methyl group, the term “Et” as used herein indicates an ethyl group, the term “ter-Bu” or “Bu^(t)” as used herein each indicate a tert-butyl group, and the term “OMe” indicates a methoxy group.

The term “biphenyl group” as used herein refers to “a phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group.” In other words, the “biphenyl group” is a substituted phenyl group having a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group as a substituent.

The term “terphenyl group” as used herein refers to “a phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group.” In other words, the “terphenyl group” is a phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group substituted with a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group.

* and *′ as used herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to a binding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula.

EXAMPLES Synthesis Example 1: Synthesis of Polymer 1

Polymer 1 including the following repeating units at the following ratio was synthesized:

Polymer 1 includes a repeating unit 1-1 and a repeating unit 1-2 at a ratio (molar ratio) of 70:30. In addition, it is assumed that Polymer 1 is a polymer in which the repeating units 1-1 and 1-2 are alternately polymerized. As a result of measuring the size of Polymer 1 by using size exclusion chromatography, a number average molecular weight (Mn) of Polymer 1 was 20,000.

Synthesis Example 2: Synthesis of Polymer 2

Polymer 2 including the following repeating units at the following ratio was synthesized:

Polymer 2 includes a repeating unit 2-1 and a repeating unit 2-2 at a ratio (molar ratio) of 80:20. In addition, it is assumed that Polymer 2 is a polymer in which the repeating units 2-1 and 2-2 are alternately polymerized. As a result of measuring the size of Polymer 2 by using size exclusion chromatography, a number average molecular weight (Mn) of Polymer 2 was 50,000.

Synthesis Example 3: Synthesis of Polymer 3

Polymer 3 including the following repeating units at the following ratio was synthesized:

Polymer 3 includes a repeating unit 3-1, a repeating unit 3-2, a repeating unit 3-3, and a repeating unit 3-4 at a ratio (molar ratio) of 30:12.5:7.5:50. In addition, it is assumed that Polymer 3 is a polymer in which the repeating units 3-1 to 3-4 are alternately polymerized. As a result of measuring the size of Polymer 3 by using size exclusion chromatography, a number average molecular weight (Mn) of Polymer 3 was 40,000.

Evaluation Example 1: Measurement of Absorption Coefficient in Visible Light Region

Polymer 1 obtained in Synthesis Example 1 was spin-coated on a glass substrate to form a thin film having a thickness of 30 nm. An absorption coefficient of the thin film was measured with respect to light of 450 nm, 520 nm, and 640 nm by using Ellipsometer M-2000 manufactured by J. A. Woollam Co., Inc. An absorption coefficient of Polymer 2 was measured in substantially the same manner. As Comparative Evaluation Example 1, an absorption coefficient of CLEVIOS P AI4083 (trademark name, hereinafter referred to as “PEDOT/PSS”) available from H.C. Stark Inc. was measured in substantially the same manner. Results thereof are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Material for thin film 450 nm 520 nm 640 nm Comparative Evaluation PEDOT/PSS 0.021 0.020 0.021 Example 1 Evaluation Example 1 Polymer 1 0.016 0.015 0.015 Evaluation Example 2 Polymer 2 0.001 0.000 0.000

Example B1

Ag was sputtered on a glass substrate to form a first layer having a thickness of 100 nm, and ITO was sputtered to form a second layer having a thickness of 7 nm, thereby forming an anode. The anode was sonicated with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) for 5 minutes and cleaned by exposure to ultraviolet rays and ozone for 30 minutes. Polymer 1 was spin-coated on the anode to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 124 nm. Polymer 3 was spin-coated on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 20 nm. Compound H1 and BD1 were deposited on the hole transport layer at a volume ratio of 95:5 to form an emission layer having a thickness of 35 nm. ET37 was deposited on the emission layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 20 nm. LiQ was deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 3.5 nm, and Ag and Mg were co-deposited on the electron injection layer at a volume ratio of 80:20 to form a cathode having a thickness of 13 nm. HT28 was deposited on the cathode to form a capping layer having a thickness of 60 nm, thereby completing the manufacture of an organic light-emitting device.

Example B2

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example B1, except that Polymer 2 was used instead of Polymer 1.

Comparative Example B1

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example B1, except that PEDOT/PSS was used instead of Polymer 1 and Polymer 3.

Example G1

Ag was sputtered on a glass substrate to form a first layer having a thickness of 100 nm, and ITO was sputtered to form a second layer having a thickness of 7 nm, thereby forming an anode. The anode was sonicated with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) for 5 minutes and cleaned by exposure to ultraviolet rays and ozone for 30 minutes. Polymer 1 was spin-coated on the anode to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 165 nm. Polymer 3 was spin-coated on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 20 nm. CBP and PD13 were deposited on the hole transport layer at a volume ratio of 92:8 to form an emission layer having a thickness of 50 nm. ET37 was deposited on the emission layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 20 nm. LiQ was deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 3.5 nm, and Ag and Mg were co-deposited on the electron injection layer at a volume ratio of 80:20 to form a cathode having a thickness of 13 nm. HT28 was deposited on the cathode to form a capping layer having a thickness of 60 nm, thereby completing the manufacture of an organic light-emitting device.

Example G2

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example G1, except that Polymer 2 was used instead of Polymer 1.

Comparative Example G1

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example G1, except that PEDOT/PSS was used instead of Polymer 1 and Polymer 3.

Example R1

Ag was sputtered on a glass substrate to form a first layer having a thickness of 100 nm, and ITO was sputtered to form a second layer having a thickness of 7 nm, thereby forming an anode. The anode was sonicated with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) for 5 minutes and cleaned by exposure to ultraviolet rays and ozone for 30 minutes. Polymer 1 was spin-coated on the anode to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 200 nm. Polymer 3 was spin-coated on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 20 nm. CBP and PD26 were deposited on the hole transport layer at a volume ratio of 97:3 to form an emission layer having a thickness of 60 nm. ET37 was deposited on the emission layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 20 nm. LiQ was deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 3.5 nm, and Ag and Mg were co-deposited on the electron injection layer at a volume ratio of 80:20 to form a cathode having a thickness of 13 nm. HT28 was deposited on the cathode to form a capping layer having a thickness of 60 nm, thereby completing the manufacture of an organic light-emitting device.

Example R2

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example R1, except that Polymer 2 was used instead of Polymer 1.

Comparative Example R1

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example R1, except that PEDOT/PSS was used instead of Polymer 1 and Polymer 3.

Evaluation Example 2: Evaluation of Organic Light-Emitting Device

The driving voltage and efficiency of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples B1, B2, G1, G2, R1, and R2 and Comparative Examples B1, G1, and R1 were measured at a current density of 10 mA/cm² by using Keithley SMU 236 and a luminance meter PR650, and results thereof are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Hole Driving Current Hole injection transport Absorption voltage density Efficiency layer layer coefficient (V) (mA/cm²) (cd/A) Example B1 Polymer 1 Polymer 3 0.016 4.6 10 5.0 Example B2 Polymer 2 Polymer 3 0.001 4.6 10 5.2 Comparative PEDOT/PSS PEDOT/PSS 0.021 4.6 10 4.7 Example B1 Example G1 Polymer 1 Polymer 3 0.015 4.7 10 80 Example G2 Polymer 2 Polymer 3 0.000 4.7 10 82 Comparative PEDOT/PSS PEDOT/PSS 0.020 4.7 10 74 Example G1 Example R1 Polymer 1 Polymer 3 0.015 4.7 10 18 Example R2 Polymer 2 Polymer 3 0.000 4.7 10 20 Comparative PEDOT/PSS PEDOT/PSS 0.021 4.7 10 16 Example R1

Referring to Table 3, it is confirmed that the efficiencies of the organic light-emitting devices of Examples B1, B2, G1, G2, R1, and R2 are excellent, as compared with those of the organic light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples B1, G1, and R1.

The organic light-emitting device may have high efficiency.

It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments.

While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An organic light-emitting device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; and an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the organic layer comprises: an emission layer; a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer; and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, wherein 50% or more of a total volume of the second electrode is silver (Ag), the hole transport region comprises an amine-based polymer comprising a first repeating unit represented by Formula 1, and a number average molecular weight of the amine-based polymer is 1,000 or more:

wherein, in Formula 1, L₁₁ to L₁₃ are each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, n11 to n13 are each independently selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3, R₁₁ is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom, and wherein the amine-based polymer further comprises a second repeating unit represented by Formula 2-1:

wherein, in Formula 2-1, R₂₂ and R₂₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), b22 is selected from 1, 2, and 3, and R₂₄ and R₂₅ are each independently a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group: Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently selected from a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzocarbazolyl group, and * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom, wherein, the amine-based polymer further comprises a third repeating unit represented by Formula 2-1, wherein: R₂₂ and R₂₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), b22 is selected from 1, 2, and 3, and R₂₄ and R₂₅ are each independently selected from a crosslinking group represented by one selected from Formulae 7-1 to 7-3, and a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group:

in Formulae 7-1 to 7-3, R₇₁ is selected from hydrogen and a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, b71 is selected from 1, 2, and 3, Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently selected from a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzocarbazolyl group, and * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.
 2. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the first electrode is a reflective electrode.
 3. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein L₁₁ and L₁₂ are each independently selected from: a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a pyridinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a triazinylene group, a carbazolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, and a dibenzocarbazolylene group; and a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a pyridinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a triazinylene group, a carbazolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, and a dibenzocarbazolylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently selected from a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzocarbazolyl group.
 4. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein n11 and n12 are each independently selected from 0, 1, and 2, and the sum of n11 and n12 is selected from 1, 2, 3, and
 4. 5. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein R₁₁ is selected from: a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzocarbazolyl group; and a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzocarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from a crosslinking group, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently selected from a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzocarbazolyl group.
 6. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the first repeating unit represented by Formula 1 is represented by Formula 1-1:

wherein, in Formula 1-1, R₁₁ is selected from: a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzocarbazolyl group; and a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzocarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from a crosslinking group, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), R₁₂ and R₁₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), b12 is selected from 1, 2, 3, and 4, n11 and n12 are each independently selected from 0, 1, and 2, the sum of n11 and n12 is selected from 1, 2, 3, and 4, Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently selected from a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzocarbazolyl group, and * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.
 7. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the first repeating unit represented by Formula 1 is represented by one of Formulae 101 to 104:

wherein, in Formulae 101 to 104, n-octyl indicates an n-octyl group, iso-butyl indicates an isobutyl group, n-butyl indicates an n-butyl group, and * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.
 8. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the second repeating unit represented by Formula 2-1 is represented by Formula 201, and the third repeating unit represented by Formula 2-1 is represented by one selected from Formulae 202 and 203:

wherein, in Formulae 201 to 203, n-octyl indicates an n-octyl group, n-hexyl indicates an n-hexyl group, and * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.
 9. An organic light-emitting device comprising: a substrate divided into a first sub-pixel region, a second sub-pixel region, and a third sub-pixel region; a plurality of first electrodes respectively arranged in the first sub-pixel region, the second sub-pixel region, and the third sub-pixel region of the substrate; a second electrode facing the plurality of first electrodes; and an organic layer between the plurality of first electrodes and the second electrode, wherein the organic layer comprises: a first emission layer, a second emission layer, and a third emission layer respectively arranged in the first sub-pixel region, the second sub-pixel region, and the third sub-pixel region of the substrate; a hole transport region between the plurality of first electrodes and the first to third emission layers; and an electron transport region between the first to third emission layers and the second electrode, wherein 50% or more of a total volume of the second electrode is silver (Ag), the hole transport region comprises an amine-based polymer comprising a first repeating unit represented by Formula 1, and a number average molecular weight of the amine-based polymer is 1,000 or more:

wherein, in Formula 1, L₁₁ to L₁₃ are each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, n11 to n13 are each independently selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3, R₁₁ is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom, and wherein the amine-based polymer comprises a second repeating unit represented by Formula 2-1

wherein, in Formula 2-1, R₂₂ and R₂₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), b22 is selected from 1, 2, and 3, and R₂₄ and R₂₅ are each independently a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group: Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently selected from a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzocarbazolyl group, and * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom, wherein, the amine-based polymer further comprises a third repeating unit represented by Formula 2-1, wherein: R₂₂ and R₂₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), b22 is selected from 1, 2, and 3, and R₂₄ and R₂₅ are each independently selected from a crosslinking group represented by one selected from Formulae 7-1 to 7-3, and a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group,

in Formulae 7-1 to 7-3, R₇₁ is selected from hydrogen and a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, b71 is selected from 1, 2, and 3, Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently selected from a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzocarbazolyl group, and * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.
 10. An organic light-emitting device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; and an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the organic layer comprises: an emission layer; a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer; and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, wherein 50% or more of a total volume of the second electrode is silver (Ag), the hole transport region comprises an amine-based polymer comprising a first repeating unit represented by Formula 1, and a number average molecular weight of the amine-based polymer is about 1,000 or more, wherein the hole transport region comprises a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer, both of the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer comprises the amine-based polymer:

wherein, in Formula 1, L₁₁ to L₁₃ are each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, n11 to n13 are each independently selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3, R₁₁ is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom, and wherein the amine-based polymer included in the hole injection layer further comprises a second repeating unit represented by Formula 1, the second repeating unit is different from the first repeating unit, and the amine-based polymer included in the hole transport layer comprises a second repeating unit represented by Formula 2-1 and a third repeating unit represented by Formula 2-1, wherein the second repeating unit and the third repeating unit are different from each other:

wherein, in Formula 2-1, R₂₂ and R₂₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), b22 is selected from 1, 2, and 3, and R₂₄ and R₂₅ are each independently selected from a crosslinking group represented by one selected from Formulae 7-1 to 7-3, deuterium, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂):

wherein, in Formulae 7-1 to 7-3, R₇₁ is selected from hydrogen and a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, b71 is selected from 1, 2, and 3, Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently selected from a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzocarbazolyl group, and * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom, R₂₄ and R₂₅ in a third repeating unit are each independently selected from a crosslinking group represented by one selected from Formulae 7-1 to 7-3, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, and a nitro group. 